By Dan Hilborn
Published June 2, 2004
The Green Party of Canada is running two candidates with strong connections to Simon Fraser University in the two ridings that straddle Burnaby for the federal election taking place on Monday, June 28.
Revel Kunz, an SFU grad and the operator of an organic bed and breakfast operation, will run in Burnaby-New Westminster, while Shawn Hunsdale, a student member of the SFU senate and board of governors, will run in the Burnaby-Douglas riding.
While both Kunz and Hunsdale admit their chances of winning are slim, they do see a need to raise the profile of environmental issues during the campaign.
"I just wanted to make sure that people are able to vote for the Green Party, which is something they haven't always been able to do in the past," said Kunz, whose husband is also running for the party. "This is something we're totally committed to."
Kunz has put her money where her mouth is. Her family-run Adera Cottage B&B in the Marpole district of Vancouver features organic meals and rain barrels to collect water. However, her plan to install 'composting toilets' ran afoul of GVRD waste regulations. Today, she is a member of the plan monitoring committee for the GVRD's solid waste plan.
Kunz believes the green economy is the way of the future.
"The federal government spends more money on genetic engineering research than it does on supporting organic farms, yet when the avian flu came through, not one organic, free-range farm was affected," she said.
"And we don't need a giant concrete floating highway down the Lougheed.
"We want bike lanes so it's safe for families to bike together and for individuals to cycle to work."
Hunsdale grew up in an NDP-leaning family from Burnaby and attended Cascade Heights, Nelson and Burnaby south schools. His biography states that he supports community-based economics, gender equality and increased individual access to government information and legal advice.
"I think people are disillusioned or are seeking an alternative to what we've had presented to us in terms of federal candidates," he said. "People will vote for this party because it has environmental and social economic issues that are seen as desirable."
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Spread of avian flu by drinking water:
Proved awareness to ecology and transmission is necessary to understand the spread of avian flu. For this it is insufficient exclusive to test samples from wild birds, poultry and humans for avian flu viruses. Samples from the known abiotic vehicles also have to be analysed. There are plain links between the cold, rainy seasons as well as floods and the spread of avian flu. That is just why abiotic vehicles have to be analysed. The direct biotic transmission from birds, poultry or humans to humans can not depend on the cold, rainy seasons or floods. Water is a very efficient abiotic vehicle for the spread of viruses - in particular of fecal as well as by mouth, nose and eyes excreted viruses.
Infected birds and poultry can everywhere contaminate the drinking water. All humans have very intensive contact to drinking water. Spread of avian flu by drinking water can explain small clusters in households too. Proving viruses in water is difficult because of dilution. If you find no viruses you can not be sure that there are not any. On the other hand in water viruses remain viable for a long time. Water has to be tested for influenza viruses by cell culture and in particular by the more sensitive molecular biology method PCR.
There is a widespread link between avian flu and water, e.g. in Egypt to the Nile delta or Indonesia to residential districts of less prosperous humans with backyard flocks and without central water supply as in Vietnam: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no12/06-0829.htm. See also the WHO web side: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/emerging/h5n1background.pdf .
Transmission of avian flu by direct contact to infected poultry is an unproved assumption from the WHO. There is no evidence that influenza primarily is transmitted by saliva droplets: “Transmission of influenza A in human beings” http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473309907700294/abstract?iseop=true .
Avian flu infections may increase in consequence to increase of virus circulation. In hot climates/the tropics flood-related influenza is typical after extreme weather and floods. Virulence of influenza viruses depends on temperature and time. Special in cases of local water supplies with “young” and fresh H5N1 contaminated water from low local wells, cisterns, tanks, rain barrels, ponds, rivers or rice paddies this pathway can explain small clusters in households. At 24°C e.g. in the tropics the virulence of influenza viruses in water amount to 2 days. In temperate climates for “older” water from central water supplies cold water is decisive to virulence of viruses. At 7°C the virulence of influenza viruses in water amount to 14 days.
Human to human and contact transmission of influenza occur - but are overvalued immense. In the course of influenza epidemics in Germany, recognized clusters are rare, accounting for just 9 percent of cases e.g. in the 2005 season. In temperate climates the lethal H5N1 virus will be transferred to humans via cold drinking water, as with the birds in February and March 2006, strong seasonal at the time when drinking water has its temperature minimum.
The performance to eliminate viruses from the drinking water processing plants regularly does not meet the requirements of the WHO and the USA/USEPA. Conventional disinfection procedures are poor, because microorganisms in the water are not in suspension, but embedded in particles. Even ground water used for drinking water is not free from viruses.
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=26096&Cr=&Cr1
Ducks and rice [paddies = flooded by water] major factors in bird flu outbreaks, says UN agency
Ducks and rice fields may be a critical factor in spreading H5N1
26 March 2008 – Ducks, rice [fields, paddies = flooded by water! Farmers on work drink the water from rice paddies!] and people – and not chickens – have emerged as the most significant factors in the spread of avian influenza in Thailand and Viet Nam, according to a study carried out by a group of experts from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and associated research centres.
“Mapping H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza risk in Southeast Asia: ducks, rice and people” also finds that these factors are probably behind persistent outbreaks in other countries such as Cambodia and Laos.
The study, which examined a series of waves of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza in Thailand and Viet Nam between early 2004 and late 2005, was initiated and coordinated by FAO senior veterinary officer Jan Slingenbergh and just published in the latest issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States.
Through the use of satellite mapping, researchers looked at a number of different factors, including the numbers of ducks, geese and chickens, human population size, rice cultivation and geography, and found a strong link between duck grazing patterns and rice cropping intensity.
In Thailand, for example, the proportion of young ducks in flocks was found to peak in September-October; these rapidly growing young ducks can therefore benefit from the peak of the rice harvest in November-December [at the beginning of the cold: Thailand, Viet Nam, Cambodia, Laos are situated – different from Indonesia – in the northern hemisphere].
“These peaks in congregation of ducks indicate periods in which there is an increase in the chances for virus release and exposure, and rice paddies often become a temporary habitat for wild bird species,” the agency said in a news release.
“We now know much better where and when to expect H5N1 flare-ups, and this helps to target prevention and control,” said Mr. Slingenbergh. “In addition, with virus persistence becoming increasingly confined to areas with intensive rice-duck agriculture in eastern and south-eastern Asia, evolution of the H5N1 virus may become easier to predict.”
He said the findings can help better target control efforts and replace indiscriminate mass vaccination.
FAO estimates that approximately 90 per cent of the world’s more than 1 billion domestic ducks are in Asia, with about 75 per cent of that in China and Viet Nam. Thailand has about 11 million ducks.
Dipl.-Ing. Wilfried Soddemann - Epidemiologist - Free Science Journalist soddemann-aachen@t-online.de http://www.dugi-ev.de/information.html
Thanks for the comment, Wilf.
I have no doubt there are ties between drinking water and the spread of avian flu. Fortunately, in Metro Vancouver, we use fairly high levels of chlorine at source - well after the point where drinking water is open to the environment, and possible contamination. I do believe the disinfectant is adequate to kill any flu virus. Correct me if I'm wrong.
And I'm glad we do a good job with our water. After all, as world without ducks and geese is not one I would wish to contemplate.
http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/13/10/pdfs/07-0323.pdf
Rice EW, Adcock NJ, Sivaganesan M, Brown JD, Stallknecht DE, Swayne DE.
Chlorine inactivation of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1).
Emerg Infect Dis. 2007 Oct; [Epub ahead of print]:
“… Briefly, virus-infected allantoic fluid was diluted (1:1,000) into continuously stirred, chlorinated, chlorine demand–free phosphate buffer (0.05 M, pH 7.0 and 8.0). … To slow the rate of inactivation, experiments were conducted at 5 °C. …“
“Ct (Ct value is the chlorine concentration, C [mg/L], multiplied by the exposure time, t [min]) apply to microorganisms in suspension, not embedded in particles.” [GUIDELINES FOR DRINKING-WATER QUALITY, 7. MICROBIAL ASPECTS, 7.3.2 Treatment, Table 7.6, footnote]. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/gdwq0506_7.pdf
In (drinking) water H5N1 viruses are embedded in particles and drinking water may be colder than 5 °C and the pH often is > 8.0, perhaps 9.5 …
Inactivates chlorination in practice and under all conditions avian flu strains, flu viruses embedded in particles, water pH 9.5, water temperature at 3 °C…?
True reassuring news?
Viruses should be filtered by ultra- or nanofiltration (or reverse osmosis). Chlorine may not reach the goal to inaktivate all viruses. Ozone may kill influenza viruses, but not all e.g. noro- or rotaviruses.
Dipl.-Ing. Wilfried Soddemann
soddemann-aachen@t-online.de
"Chlorine may not reach the goal to inaktivate all viruses."
Say no more.
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